Research Methods: Open Science and Reproducible Research in Linguistics

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# Research Methods: Open Science and Reproducible Research in Linguistics
## Speech production
### Joseph V. Casillas, PhD
### Rutgers University</br>Spring 2019</br>Last update: 2019-04-18

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# What is speech production?

# How do we study speech production?

# What is the purpose of studying speech production?

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# 4 phases of speech production

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- Respiration

- Phonation

- Resonance

- Articulation
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# Respiration

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- It's just breathing

- The power supply of speech

- 2 types:

- Inhalation: air is pulled into the lungs by contracting the diaphragm

- Exhalation: air is pushed out of the lungs by relaxing the diaphragm
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# Phonation

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- Air is pushed out of the lungs

- Passes through the glottis (the space between the vocal folds)

- Rapid air movement causes vibration of the vocal folds

- The vibrating vocal folds produce voice sounds and control...

- Pitch: the frequency (F0) at which the vocal folds vibrate

- Loudness: the intensity (dB) of the sound

- Quality: sound quality (timbre) of the voice (voiceless, breathy, modal, creaky, etc.)
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# Resonance

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- Process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre/intensity

- Enhancement is created when sound passes through air-filled cavities

- pharynx
    - nasopharynx
    - nasal cavity
    - oral cavity

- We can manipulate the resonance chambers to produce different timbre/intensity
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# Articulation

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- The phonated voice is manipulated by the articulators creating distinct sounds 
- The sounds are then arranged into comprehensible words
- The articulators can be passive or active
    - Lips
    - Teeth
    - Alveolar Ridge
    - Hard Palate
    - Soft Palate (also called the velum)
    - Tongue
    - Mandible
    - Uvula 
    - Epiglottis 
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# Research methods in speech production

### Common

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- Shadowing/delayed repetition

- Reading

- Picture naming
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Problem: lab speech

Bigger problem: reduced speech

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.footnote[https://nwarner.faculty.arizona.edu/content/6]

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# Reduced speech

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- We typically shorten speech by eliding segments, syllables, reducing vowel quality, etc.

- To truly understand speech production (and perception) we need to study normal (reduced) speech

- Dr. Natasha Warner to the rescue
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# Eliciting reduced speech

### Phone-a-friend technique

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- Purpose: elicit natural, spontaneous speech in the lab
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# The participant calls a close friend of family member

# They are instructed to talk for 10-15 minutes

# Can (and do) talk about anything they want

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# **Pros**

## Results in beautiful reduced speech (like the examples on Dr. Warner's website)

## Almost completely removes concerns about "lab speech"

# **Cons**

## Trade off with experimental control

## Unwanted personal information?

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# Getting help

## If you have problems with github 
## ask for help on slack

### You can find some very basic tutorials related to 
### R, RStudio, RMarkdown, GitHub, and Slack [here][here]

[here]: http://www.jvcasillas.com/ru_teaching/ru_spanish_589/589_01_s2018/sources/tuts/index.html